CCS -- capture, transport and storage of CO2

At the moment, the different elements of CCS -- capture, transport and storage of CO2 -- have all been demonstrated, according to the commission, but bringing them all together into one integrated CCS process -- and bringing down the cost of the technology -- remains a challenge.
The major application for CCS is within the fossil fuel power sector, mainly coal and gas power plants, but the technology can also be applied to a range of carbon-emissions-heavy industries such as iron and steel, petrochemicals, refineries and cement production. Cement, for example, is one of the biggest carbon-polluting industries, with every tonne of cement emitting roughly a tonne of carbon in the production process.
There are three main forms of CCS: post-combustion, pre-combustion, and oxyfuel combustion.
With post-combustion, CO2 is removed after the combustion of a fossil fuel, most commonly directly from the flues at a power plant. Post-combustion CCS at a coal-fired power plant is what people mean when they use the term "clean coal".
For pre-combustion, a method used in fertiliser and chemical production, the carbon is removed before the combustion takes place. Oxyfuel combustion burns the fuel in oxygen instead of air.
The biggest carbon storage initiatives currently under development by European firms are the Sleipner project in the North Sea, coordinated by Norwegian petroleum company Statoil, and the Salah project in Algeria, a joint venture of Statoil, BP and Sonatrach. Both involve stripping carbon from natural gas and then storing it underground.